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Ceres (mythology)
In ancient Roman religion, Ceres ((ラテン語:Cerēs) (:ˈkɛreːs)) was a goddess of agriculture, grain crops, fertility and motherly relationships.〔Room, Adrian, ''Who's Who in Classical Mythology'', p. 89-90. NTC Publishing 1990. ISBN 0-8442-5469-X.〕 She was originally the central deity in Rome's so-called plebeian or Aventine Triad, then was paired with her daughter Proserpina in what Romans described as "the Greek rites of Ceres". Her seven-day April festival of Cerealia included the popular ''Ludi Ceriales'' (Ceres' games). She was also honoured in the May ''lustratio'' of the fields at the Ambarvalia festival, at harvest-time, and during Roman marriages and funeral rites.
Ceres is the only one of Rome's many agricultural deities to be listed among the Dii Consentes, Rome's equivalent to the Twelve Olympians of Greek mythology. The Romans saw her as the counterpart of the Greek goddess Demeter, although Triptolemus was the god of farming〔''Larousse Desk Reference Encyclopedia'', The Book People, Haydock, 1995, p. 215.〕 whose mythology was reinterpreted for Ceres in Roman art and literature.〔
==Etymology and origins==
Ceres' name derives from the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European root ''
*ḱerh₃-'', meaning "to satiate, to feed",〔Lexikon der Indogermanischen Verben〕 which is also the root for Latin ''crescere'' "to grow" and through it, the English words ''create'' and ''increase''. Roman etymologists thought ''ceres'' derived from the Latin verb ''gerere'', "to bear, bring forth, produce", because the goddess was linked to pastoral, agricultural and human fertility. Archaic cults to Ceres are well-evidenced among Rome's neighbours in the Regal period, including the ancient Latins, Oscans and Sabellians, less certainly among the Etruscans and Umbrians. An archaic Faliscan inscription of c. 600 BC asks her to provide ''far'' (spelt wheat), which was a dietary staple of the Mediterranean world. Throughout the Roman era, Ceres' name was synonymous with grain and, by extension, with bread.〔Spaeth, 1990, pp. 1, 33, 182. See also Spaeth, 1996, pp. 1–4, 33–34, 37. Spaeth disputes the identification of Ceres with warlike, protective Umbrian deities named on the Iguvine Tablets, and Gantz' identification of Ceres as one of six figures shown on a terracotta plaque at Etruscan Murlo (Poggio Civitate).〕
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